вторник, 22 ноября 2011 г.

თვითმფრინავის ავარ. დატოვების სისტ. განვითარების მოკლე ისტ.


TviTmfrinavis avariuli datovebis dros
ekipaJis gadarCenis saSualebebis ganviTarebis mimoxilva
akademiuri doqtori jimSer xuroSvili.
magistri    daviT arucevi.

Tanamedrove aviaciaSi avariuli situaciebi iqmneba sakmaod iSviaTad, pirvel rigSisafreni aparatebis maRali saimedoobis, ekipaJis kargi momzadebis, teqnikuri samsaxurebis zusti da SeTanxmebuli muSaobis wyalobiT.amis miuxedavad, TviTmfrinavebis avariebi mainc xdeba. magaliTad Zaluri danadgaris, sawvavis daxarjvis, TviTmfrinavze xanZris gaCenis marTvis sistemis gaumarTaobis, pilotis mier sivrceSi orientaciis dakargvis, arasaxarbielo meteorologiuri pirobebis Sedegad, situaciaSi,roca dro, romelic aqvs ekipaJs, mcirea imisaTvis, rom datovos TviTmfrinavi an ganaxorcielos avariuli dajdoma.da a.S., garda amisa arsebobs samxedro TviTmfrinavebis avariaSi moxvedris saSiSroebamowinaaRmdegis qmedebebis Sedegad.
amitom ekipaJis samaSvelo saxsrebi unda uzrunvelyofdes usafrTxoebas ara mxolod nebismier situaciaSi, aramed drois nebismier momentSi.
aviaciis ganviTarebis pirvel ocwleulSi ekipaJs praqtikulad ar qonda raime saxis samaSvelo saSualebebi, romlebic iZl;eodnen TviTmfrinavis haerSi datovebis saSualebas. meore ocwledSi gaCnda aseTi saSualeba _paraSuti. avariis SemTxvevaSi mfrinavi tovebda TviTmfrinavs Semdegnairad: ixsnida qamars, xsnida farans, gamodioda kabinidan da xteboda frTidan. Tavisufali frenis mcire drois Semdeg ixsneboda paraSuti da is eSveboda miwaze. frenis siCqarisa da simaRlis  matebasTan erTad es saSualeba xdeboda gamousadegari mravali mizezis gamo.erT-erTi maTgani, romelic arTulebs TviTmfrinavis datovebas paraSutiT aris didi gansxvaveba TviTmfrinavis siCqaresa da paraSutistis mkveTrad Semcirebul siCqares Sorismomavali nakadiT dabrkolebis Sedegad. nakadi itacebs paraSutists da swrafad abrunebs mas ukan, ris Sedegadac iqmneba kudis frTasxmulobasTan an TviTmfinavis sxva nawilebTan Sejaxebis saSiSroeba.Semdegi saxis saSiSroeba –maRali siCqaris haeris nakadis arasasurveli qmedeba sxeulis daucvel nawilebze, rac iwvevs Sinagani da gare organoebis dazianebas da a.S.
saSiSroebis sxva saxeobebi dakavSirebulia TviTmfrinavis maqsimalur an minimalur simaRlesT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi adamianze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dabali wneva da temperatura, rac iwvevs Jangbadis ukmarisobas da irRveva organizmis        siTburi balansi.dabal simaRleze, gansakuTrebiT TviTmfrinavis miwaze (an gembanze) moZraobis dros, ar aris sakmarisi dro da manZili paraSutis gaxsnisTvis, anu vardnis siCqaris SemcirebisTvis dasaSveb siCqaremde (sur.1).
praqtikulad dadgenilia, rom TviTmfrinavis datoveba paraSutiT600km/sT. siCqareze 300m-ze nakleb simaRleze specialuri saSualebebis gareSe saxifaToa an SeuZlebelia adamianis fizikuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am mizezis gamo konstruqtorebma SeimuSavesspecialuri teqnikuri saSualebebi, romlebic iZlevianzebgeriTi TviTmfinavis datovebis saSualebas nebismier pirobebSi da frenis nebismier etapze, anusiCqarisa da simaRlis yvela gamosayenebel diapazonSi.
aseTi saxis pirveli saSualeba iyoamosagdebi savarZeli, romelic mfrinavs aZlevda TviTmfrinavis datovebis saSualebas katapultiT. gamoyenebuli pirveli katapultebi uzrunvelyofdnen TviTmfrinavis datovebis saSualebas mxolod garkveul siCqaresa da simaRleze, amitom zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebisTvis Seiqmna SedarebiT ufro rTuli mowyobiloba. mas ganekuTvneba maSveli kafsula da mosacilebeli kabinebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia  TviTmfrinavis usafrTxo datoveba  frenis nebismier pirobebSi. isini gamoiyeneba zebgeriT TviTmfrinavebSi.


katapulta Cveulebriv savarZelTan SedarebiT, romelic myaradaa damagrebulia TviTmfrinavSi, aRWurvilia mimmarTveliTa daamZraviT, romelic iZleva adamianis amogdebis saSualebas (savarZelTan erTad) garkveul simaRleze TviTmfrinavis frenis traeqtoriaze.
katapultirebis Semdeg savarZeli mfrinavTan erTad moZraobs traeqtoriiT, romlis forma damokidebulia TviTmfrinavis frenis siCqareze katapultirebis dros, savarZlis katapultirebis siCqareze, aseve mfrinavisa da savarZlis masaze da misi aerodinamiur maxasiaTeblebze.
savarZlis konstruqciisa da misi amZravis parametrebiunda uzrunvelyofdes katapultirebis Semdeg moZraobis siCqares, romelic sakmarisi iqneba TviTmfrinavis ukana nawilis frTasxmolobis asacileblad usafrTxo manZilze. katapultirebis siCqare klebulobs frenis siCqaresTan erTad da imatebs katapultirebis sawyisi siCqaris matebasTan erTad.
1955 wels moxda ori avaria, romelTa Semdeg yuradReba gamaxvilda TviTmfrinavis datovebis problemaze, romelic mifrinavs zebgeriTi siCqariT. orive SemTxvevaSi katapultireba moxda mkveTripiketirebisas mkveTrad mzardi siCqariT, romlis mizeziT gaxda marTvis dakargva, rac gamowveuli iyo simaRlis saWis aerodinamiuri blokirebiT.



pirvel SemTxvevaSi haeris nakadma moglija pilots xelTaTmanebi, Slemofoni da Jangbadis niRabi, xolo nakadis pirvelma dartymam saxeSi gamoiwvia sisxlCaqcevebi Tvalebis qveS. meore SemTxvevaSi, romelic moxda TviTmfrinavzeF-100А. pilotze imoqmeda haeris damuxruWebis Zalam, romelic qmnida uaryofiT gadatvirTvas daaxloebiT 40g da dinamikur wnevas daaxloebiT 600kpa. haeris nakadma moglija pilots fexsacmeli, windebi, Slemi, Jagbadis niRabi da xelTaTmanebi, aseve beWedi da majis saaTi, dauziana cxviri, tuCebi da quTuToebi. mTels sxeulze aReniSneboda daJeJilobebi, xolo Sinagani organoebi, maT Soris guli da RviZli dazianebuli iyo.
Catarebuli kvlevebis SedegadSemuSavda axali konstruqcia.
katapultirebis savarZlis konstruqcia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, risi wyalobiTac ufro usafrTxo gaxda TviTmfrinavis datoveba maRal siCqareze, xolo Semdeg afrenisas da dafrenisas.
pirveli zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebis xSiri avariebi da katarstifebi, Ria katapultirebadi savarZlebis dabali efeqtianoba frenis eqstremalur pirobebSi, aseve mocilebasTan da TviTmfinavis wina nawilis ekipaJiT dedamiwaze usafrTxo  dabrunebasTandakavSirebulma sirTulem gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi ufro metad racionaluri, daxuruli katapultirebadi mowyobilobis Seqmna, romelsac ewodeboda maSveli kafsula. avariis dros es mowyobiloba katapultirebis Sesaxeb signalis Semdeg avtomaturad ketavs adamians specialuri farebiT aRWurvil savarZelTan erTad da garda amisaiZleva sxvadasxva saxis mowyobilobis gamoyenebis saSualebas, romelic zrdis usafrTxoebas katapultirebis momentidan daSvebamde.
Seswavlil iqna arahermetiuli da hermetiuli kapsulebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.pirvel SemTxvevaSi kafsula icavs adamians dinamiuri wnevis gavlenisgan, aerodinamiuli gaTbobisgan da nawilobriv gadatvirTvisgan damuxruWebis dros. Tavis mxriv hermetiuli kafsula, garda zemoaRniSnulisa iZleva frenis saSualebas rTuli skafanfdris eqspluataciisas, romelic aferxebs moZraobas, paraSutis, asevesxva ekipaJis wevrebis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis saWiro individualuri saSualebebis gareSe. aRniSnuli dadebiTi mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT praqtrikulad gamoiyeneba hermetiuli kafsulebi, romlebic ar iZireba, rac iZleva wyalze usafrTxo daSvebis saSualebas.
cnobili kafsulebidan pirveli SeimuSava firmam Gudiar50-ian wlebis dasawyisSiaSS-s samxedro-sazRvao aviaciisaTvis. magram es kafsula eqspluataciaSi praqtikulad ar iqnagamoiyeneboli. Semdeg Seiqmna kafsulebi TviTmfrinavebisTvis В-58 daХВ-70А. am kafsulebis da mowyobilobis konstruqcia ganisazRvreboda moTxovniT gaumarTavi TviTmfinavis usafrTxo datovebis Sesaxeb simaRlisa da siCqaris farTo diapazonSi. TviTmfrinavisTvis ХВ-70А siCqareebis aseTi diapazoni iwyeba 150 km/sT-dan (nulovani simaRlis dros) da moicavs siCqareebs М=3-mde (amasTan TviTmfinavis datoveba maqsimaluri siCqaris dros SesaZlebelia mxolod 2100m-ze met simaRleze). TviTmfrinavisTvis В-58cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze cdebis dros kafsula adioda 75 m. simaRleze, rac im paraSutis gamoyenebis dros, romelic swrafad ixsneba uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo daSvebis maRal dones.
kafsulaSi, savarZlis qveS moTavsebulia pirveli saWiroebis nivTebis nakrebi, romelSic aseve Sedis gadamcemi radiosadguri, romelic gadascems signals kafsulis adgilsamyofelis dasadgenad da arqtikul da tropikul pirobebSi cxovrebisTvis saWiro mowyobiloba (maT Soris ankesi, Tofi, wyali, sursaTi da a.S.).
mosacilebeli kabinis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo frenis usafrTxoebis amaRlebisaken miswrafeba, vinaidan iTvleboda, rom aseTi kabinebis SemTxvevaSi, frenis nebismier pirebobSi da reJimSi, aparatis datoveba ekipaJisTvis iqneba SedarebiT ioli da mosaxerxebeli procesi, romelic, SesaZloa ganxorcieldes ufro swrafad, vidre katapultirebadi savarZlebis an kafsulebis gamoyenebis dros. aseTi kabina frenis dros unda iyos myari da unda uzrunvelyofdes nakleb gadatvirvas.
TviTmfrinavis datovebis avariuli sistemis praqtikuli gamoyeneba mosacilebeli kabinis meSveobiT aris ufro rTuli zemoT ganxilulTan SedarebiT, vinaidan amisaTvis saWiroa mTeli rigi damatebiTi problemebis mogvareba. kerZod, maT ganekuTvneba didi raodenobis mavTulebisa da saborto sistemebis meqanikuri kavSirebis gancalkevebis aucilebloba mokle droSi, romlebic Cveulebriv pirobebSi unda akmayofilebdnen normaluri funqcionirebisa da maRali saimedoobis moTxovnebs. es procesi unda ganxorcieldes ara mxolod swrafad da saimedoT, aramed  kabinaSi moTavsebuli mowyobilobis muSaobis darRvevis gareSe, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekipaJis sicocxlisunarianobas.
pirveli mosacilebeli kabinebi, romelTa Sesaxeb ibeWdeboda presaSi, gamoyenebul iqna TviTmfrinavebSi D-558-ii, gamocdis TariRi 1948 w., aseve «Traidan-i» - is da X-2 (1953 w.). TviTmfrinvSi.
«Traidan»-ze, romelsac aqvs brunvis sxeulis formis fiuzelaJi konusisebri wina nawiliT, gamoyenebul iqna arahermetizebuli kabina (piloti axorcielebs frenas specialur kombinezonSi), romelic Sesrulebulia fiuzelaJis wina nawilTan erTad. SemuSavebis dros gadawyvetili iqna, rom TviTmfrinavisgan mocilebis Semdeg kabina unda daeSvas vertikalurad mastabilizirebel paraSutTan erTad. dartyma amortizirebuli unda iqnas fiuzelaJis wina wawvetebuli nawiliT. aseTi saxis avariuli sistemas ar hyavda mxardamWerebi, miTumetes, rom TviTmfrinavis Semdeg modifikaciaSi (“Tridan-ii”) gamoyenebul iqna hermetuli kabina katapultirebadi savarZliT.
TviTmfrinavisgan kabinis mosacileblad da misi atanisTvis garkveul simaRleze gaTvaliswinebulia myarsawvaviani saraketo Zravas gamoyeneba weviT daaxloebiT 200kn da muSaobis droiT 0,5 wami. gaTvaliswinebulia rom Zravas wevis veqtori unda gadiodes kabinis simZimis centrze35gradusianikuTxiT TviTmfrinavis simetriis RerZTan mimarTebaSi. maSveli paraSutis gamosrola unda xdebodes 550km/sT. siCqaris dros.
Tanamedrove mosacilebeli kabinebi gamoiyeneba mxolod or zebgeriT TviTmfrinavSi (F-111 da B-1); aseTi kabinis mqone TviTmfrinavis pirveli datoveba ganxorcielda 1967 wels FF-111 TviTmfrinavis avariis dros, romlis drosac ori adamianisgan Semdgarma ekipaJma moaxdina katapultireba 450km/sT siCqarisas9000m simaRleze (siCqare haerTan SefardebiT 730km/sT) da warmatebiT ganaxorciela daSveba.
TviTmfrinavis В-7 SemuSavebis programaSi Tavdapirvelad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo FF-111 TviTmfrinavis analogiuri samadgiliani mosacilebeli kabinis gamoyeneba, magram maRalma Rirebulebam, farTo kvlevebis Catarebis saWiroebam, konstruqciisa da momsaxurebis sirTulem gamoiwvia is, rom miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba mosacilebeli kabinis mxolod TviTmfrinavis pirveli sami nimuSis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. xolo Semdeg nimuSebSi gamoiyeneboda katapultirebadi savarZeli, romelic sagangebod iqna Seqmnili am TviTmfrinavisTvis.
mravali gamokvlevis Semdeg,safreni aparatis avariuli datovebisasa ekipaJis gadarCenis zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebidan upiratesoba eniWeba katapultirebad savarZels.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, katapultirebadi savarZeli warmoadgens ekipaJis wevris samuSao adgils da TviTmfrinavis avariuli datovebis saSualebas da gamoiyeneba maRlivi aRWurvilobasTan erTad.
frenis dros ekipaJis wevri rCeba savarZelSi individualuri Sekiduli sistemis meSveobiT da fiqsirdeba fiqsaciis sistemis meqanizmebis saSualebiT, xolo simaRlis mixedviT savarZlis usafexuro daregulirebis saSualebiT xdeba ekipaJis wevris moxerxebuli ganTavseba TviTmfrinavis kabinaSi.
ekipaJis wevris dacva katapultirebis dros Seqmnili gadatvirTvisgan da Cqarosnuli nakadis zewolis moqmedebisgan xdeba damcavi aRWurvilobiT, aZulebiTi fiqsaciiT savarZelSi da katapultirebadi savarZlis myari stabilizaciiT.
savarZlis aweva TviTmfrinavis kudze gadasrolisTvis saWiro simaRleze maRal siCqareze katapultirebisas da maSveli paraSutis gumbaTis avsebisTvis dabal simaRleze, maSveli paraSutis Seyvana da ekipaJis gadasarCeni wevris mocileba savarZlisgan xdeba  orsafexuriani piroteqnikuri kombinirebuli sasroli meqanizmis meSveobiT paraSutis Seyvanis meqanizmiT, xolo ekipaJis wevris daSveba (wyalze daSveba) maSveli sistemis savarZlisgan mocilebis Semdeg.
katapultireba xdeba ekipaJis wevris mier katapultirebis gaSlili saxeluris amowevisas, ris Semdegac savarZlis yvela sistema da bortis farnis mocilebis avariuli sistema avtomaturad amoqmeddeba, maSveli paraSutis da savarZlisgan ekipaJis wevris mocilebis CaTvliT.
saxeluris amowevisas xdeba:
-    fiqsirebis sistemis piromeqanizmis meqanikuri da eleqtro CarTva;
-    eleqtroimpulsis miwodeba TviTmfrinavis bortis farnis mocilebis avariuli sistemis piropistoletze;
-    eleqtroimpulsis miwodeba damcavi Slemis sinaTlis filtris eleqtropiropatrons;
-    avariuli reJimebisa da frenis parametrebis bortis TviTCamweris signalis qselis CarTva;
-    Zabvis miwodeba bortis qselidan blokirebis meqanizmze katapultirebis marTvis meqanizmis gavliT;
fiqsaciis sistemis amoqmedebuli piromeqanizmis airis zemoqmedebis Sedegad xdeba:
- ekipaJis wevris mxaris mozidva mxrebis mozidvis meqanizmis Sezidvisa da gaCerebis qamriT;
- ekipaJis wevris qveda kidurebis aweva asawevi meqanizmis meSveobiT;
- ekipaJis wevris welis mozidva welis mozidvis meqanizmis Sezidvisa da  gaCerebis qamriT;
- bortis farnis CamoyrispiroamZravis CarTvisamoqmedeba, romelic axdens madublirebeli piropistoletiseleqtrocarTvas;
TviTmfrinavis farnis Camoyrisas xdeba blokirebis meqanizmis amoqmedeba. blokirebis meqanizmi asrulebs eleqtro jaWvs da xsnis kombinirebuli msroleli meqanizmis pirveli safexuris piromeqanizmis CarTvis meqanikuri amZravis blokirebas, xolo eleqtroniSani an katapultirebis marTvis sistemis meqanikuri amZravi moicavs kombinirebuli msroleli meqanizmis piromeqanizmis pirveli safexurs.
farnis Camoyris  bortis avariuli sistemis mwyobridan gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi ekipaJis wevrma unda xeli gauSvas katapultirebis saxelurs, Camoyaros farani bortis avtonomiuri avariuli Camoyris sistemis meSveobiT da Tavidan amowios saxeluri.


600m simaRlemde katapultirebis SemTxvevaSi savarZeli iweva traeqtoriis mixedviT stabilur myar mdgomareobaSi, gadis TviTmfrinavis kilze, maSveli paraSuti gamoiyeneba daSvebis sawyis momentSi(sur.2).
600m-ze met simaRleze katapultirebis SemTxvevaSi savarZeli iweva traeqtoriis mixedviT stabilur mdgomareobaSi, iweva qveviT umniSvnelo brunviT teleskopiuri Stangebis sibrtyeSi, xolo damcavi paraSuti gamoiyeneba simaRleze, romelic ar aRemateba 600m-s (sur. 3).
savarZlisgan avtomaturi mocilebis Semdeg maSveli paraSutis gumbaTi ivseba da uzrunvelyofs ekipaJis wevris daSvebas.
dedamiwaze an wyalze daSvebis Semdeg ekipaJis wevris cxovrebisunarianobis SenarCuneba da misi povnis gaadvileba xdeba avariuli maragis saSualebebiT, romlebic scildeba savarZels ekipaJis wevrTan erTad, xolo misi wylis zedapirze gaCereba – maSveli qamris da tivis meSveobiT.
ekipaJis wevris maSveli sistemis saimedooba da srulyofileba aris ganviTarebuli qveynebis wamyvani aviafirmebis kvlevebis mudmivi sakiTxi, maT Soris ekipaJis avariuli gadarCenis saSualebebis ganviTarebasTan da srulyofilebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi intensiurad tardeba aSS-Si, ruseTSi, safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi.